Arsitektur Tata Kelola Iklim Global: Efektivitas Kerja Sama Multilateral Melalui Paris Agreement Berdasarkan Teori Neoliberal Institusionalisme
Keywords:
Environmental Cooperation, Paris Agreement, Neoliberal Institutionalism, Climate Governance, International Regimes.Abstract
Global environmental degradation and the climate crisis have transformed into one of the most pressing non-traditional security threats in contemporary international relations. This problem reflects the "tragedy of the commons," where greenhouse gas emissions are transboundary, demanding collective action among sovereign states. This article aims to analyze the dynamics and effectiveness of international environmental cooperation within the Paris Agreement 2015 framework through the lens of Neoliberal Institutionalism. Employing a qualitative-descriptive approach with desk-based library research, this study examines secondary literature, policy reports, and official treaties. The findings reveal that the Paris Agreement introduced a paradigm shift from a rigid top-down structure (such as the Kyoto Protocol) to a flexible bottom-up architecture via Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the Enhanced Transparency Framework. International institutions and epistemic communities (such as the IPCC) successfully facilitate information exchange, reduce transaction costs, and establish collective compliance norms. Nevertheless, its institutional effectiveness remains hindered by classic anarchic structural challenges, including the absence of coercive enforcement mechanisms, free-rider vulnerabilities, and disparities in climate finance commitments between the Global North and Global South.
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